The supreme court ruled in plessy v. ferguson (1896) that:

a. segregation was unconstitutional.

b. the fourteenth amendment did not apply to african-americans.

c. african-americans could be denied the right to vote.

d. "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.

What triumphs did the late 19th century witness in the realms of industrial growth, urbanization, and technological innovation? what challenges did these developments pose for urban dwellers, workers, and recent immigrants? how did city officials and everyday citizens respond to these challenges?

What would lead a historian to consider two events to have a relationship of correlation rather than causation?

How did the iran-contra affair impact the conflict between the united states and the soviet union? what role did the iran-contra affair play in both iran and nicaragua?