Name the two famous leaders who fought against each other during the third crusade
a) pope urban ii and al-khwarizmi
b) charlemagne and pope leo iii
c) richard i and saladin
d) frederick barbarossa and philip augustus

The correct answer is C. During the Third Crusade, the two famous leaders that fought against each other were Richard I and Saladin.

Saladin could not defeat Richard I in any military confrontation, who secured several major coastal cities. However, on September 2, 1192, Richard I signed a treaty with Saladin in which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but Christian pilgrims would also be allowed to visit the city. Richard I left the Holy Land on October 9. The successes of the Third Crusade would allow the Crusaders to maintain a considerable kingdom with its headquarters in Cyprus and the coast of Syria. However, his inability to recover Jerusalem would result in the request for a Fourth Crusade six years later.

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the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.