under the authority of this leader, a council met in the city of trent three times to reassert the authority of the church.
martin luther
charles v
pope paul iii
henry viii

john smith was the first englishman to sail around the world. francis bacon served as attorney general and lord chancellor of england. he took up aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.

utilized the penal colony