Explanation:
The Maya were undoubtedly among the great ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica. They flourished in the jungles of present-day Mexico (south), Guatemala and Belize. This mysterious ancient civilization was one of the most important ancient cultures to develop on our planet, noted for the Maya script which was the only known developed writing system of the Pre-Columbian Americas. However, the collapse of the Maya civilization during the ninth century A.D. is a major conundrum in the history of mankind and while numerous explanations have been put forward to explain, the three most significant causes of the decline of Mayan civilization are famine, epidemic diseases and climate change.
Another factor to the decline of the ancient Mayan civilization was disease. A widespread disease can result in rapid depopulation. The Mayans lived near tropical rainforest areas and contagious diseases that are spread by parasites are common in rainforest regions. If some of the diseases such as malaria which is a disease that is carried and spread by infected mosquitoes, were to infect a person at a young age, it affects their health resulting in developmental issues as well as making them vulnerable to other illnesses later on in life. Specifically, due to an epidemic of the plant hopper-borne virus, maize mosaic virus (MMV), is proposed as a primary contributing cause of the collapse. Maize Mosaic virus is a devastating disease transmitted by the corn planthopper, an insect restricted to tropic lowlands. Major diseases in the tropics are assessed thus it has been serious only where corn is grown continuously through the year in wet or irrigated tropics. Corn was the main food for the Mayans and Maize Mosaic corn disease spread through pestered corns containing contagious diseases which were spread throughout the Mayan city-states. The infectious illnesses were spread into the Mayans system, resulting in the death of almost the entire Mayan population. With the lack of modern medicine, the distinguished and noble people had no idea how to treat the illnesses. Contagious diseases such as measles, mumps, cholera, and smallpox spread and killed about ninety percent of the Mayan population. This lead to the Mayan collapse and now, what is left are the city structures.
Lastly, climate change causes a catastrophic collapse in human history. Studies have shown that the Maya civilization collapsed due to a century-long drought which took place around the ninth century. However, the Maya contributed to the collapse of their civilization by transforming the land through removing nearly all of the forest and replacing it with agricultural crops. Though deforestation didn’t cause a drought, it amplified natural droughts when they occurred. Plants interact with the atmosphere; dark plants such as dense tropical forest absorb energy from the sun while lighter coloured plants reflect sunlight which cools the atmosphere. Water vapour needs to rise and condense to create a rainstorm while the cool air sinks. Without warm and unstable air rising into the atmosphere, rainstorms become less common. Since the Maya burned and cut down timber very fast, deforestation levels were high using wood for construction purposes as the cities expanded. This causes lack of rain which helped raise temperatures on land. The energy of the sun would hit the bare ground either heating it up or causing water to evaporate from the soil. Without forests, there was less production of moisture in the atmosphere and croplands holding less water; causing droughts to deepen more as the suns energy heated the ground. Rainfall was declined and as crops replaced forests, more sunlight bounced back into space. Using dendrochronology, a study of tree rings to date environmental changes, a team from the University of Arkansas observed the Mayan drought through tree rings and concluded that the drought was more severe and prolonged than anything in the modern era. Trees can live for hundreds of years and can experience a variety of environmental conditions: wet years, dry years, cold years and much more. From this, researchers are able to determine the year of formation for each tree ring and analyzed what the rings’ growth patterns had to say about how soil moisture varied from growth season to growth season over the years, a parameter directly associated with rainfall. Using dendrochronology, researchers are able to determine the climate changes that affected the ancient Maya and the drought that overcame them.
In conclusion, although the Ancient Maya were among the great ancient civilizations of Mesoamerica, building cities with elaborate ceremonial center, and their downfall remains a mystery. However, the three utmost reasons that contributed to their collapse are famine, epidemic disease and climate change.
