What reforms did Japan undertake to deal with the threat?

Explanation:

The Meiji reforms brought great changes both within Japan and in Japan's place in world affairs

➡️The enacting of a constitution and formalization of a parliamentary system of government.

➡️The formation of a national army.

➡️The adoption of universal education.

explanation:

the addition to geographic boundaries that might have  kept the people of the huang river civilization from traveling to far distance region is that they had learned about the other river valley civilizations but feared contact would bring invasion.

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martin luther believed that selling indulgences was wrong and gave people a license to sin. the roman catholic church used the practice of indulgences to raise money for major building projects.