Refer to the passage. "Urbanisation undermines caste. The relative anonymity of an individual’s identity in a city makes it difficult for rules of purity and pollution to be observed and enforced in the public sphere.

Fewer activities are then mediated by an individual’s caste identity. And urbanisation will continue to increase. By 2030, 40 per cent of Indians are predicted to live in urban areas.

The urban middle class, once a preserve of the upper castes, has become more diverse with gradual entry of backward castes and Dalits.

The marriage market reflects this change. In 1970, only 1.5 per cent of matrimonial ads published in the national dailies belonged to backward castes and Dalits. This number had increased to 10 per cent by 2010.

In cities, the search for partners differs from that in villages. People in the middle class shift from family and caste networks to friends and professional networks, and rely on technology. Already 250 million Indians own smartphones.”

Excerpt from "Caste and Marriage in Urban Middle-Class India” by Amit Ahuja, 2016

The description in the passage with respect to globalization's effect on Indian culture is most similar to which of the following historical developments?

- The influence of early human rights movements and the extension of citizenship rights to First Nations peoples in Canada following World War II
- The effects of Enlightenment thinking on France following the abolition of privileges for the estates during the French Revolution
- The effects of liberal reform on Russia following the emancipation of the serfs in the mid-19th century
- The effects of the Catholic Emancipation laws in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century