Columbus’s conviction that he could reach asia by sailing west across the atlantic ocean
a.
differed from the convictions of king john, who believed the best way was by sailing east.
b.
was opposed by prince henry the navigator, who competed with columbus for funding.
c.
echoed opinions he learned in italy, where he spent his boyhood.
d.
was reinforced by sea voyages he made to genoa during his youth.

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france,russia and prussia had absolute monarchy and it meant:

when louis xiv inherited the throne, he was able to serve as his chief minister.louis xiv ruled as an absolute monarch.