Why did craft guilds form in the middle ages?
to eliminate the growing number of merchant guilds in european towns
to address religious and political corruption
to eliminate competiton between artisans
to provide structure and support for artisans who shared a trade

b. the 200th birthday of the united states

answer: born in saint-dié, in the vosges department, france, he studied law, and was called to the bar at paris in 1854,[2] but soon went into politics, contributing to various newspapers, particularly to le temps. he attacked the second french empire with great violence, directing his opposition especially against baron haussmann, prefect of the seine department. a series of his articles in le temps was later republished as the fantastic tales of haussmannlaxupa (1868).[2]

explanation: