Yugoslavia's civil wars and ultimate division into seven independent states is an example of
a. nationalism resulting in genocide and human rights violations
b. a successful and peaceful nationalist movement
c. widespread nationalism with a unified purpose
d. violent outbreaks against the ruling class by a united lower class

a. nationalism resulting in genocide and human rights violations

Explanation:

The Yugoslav wars were a series of conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, which took place between 1991 and 2001. They included two groups of successive wars that affected the six former Yugoslav republics. Alternative terms have been used, such as the war in the former Yugoslavia or the Balkan War.

The wars were characterized by ethnic conflicts between the peoples of the former Yugoslavia, mainly between the Serbs on the one hand and the Croats, Bosnians and Albanians on the other; although also initially between Bosnians and Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The conflict was due to political, economic and cultural causes, as well as religious and ethnic tension. There were many triggers, but the main ones were the abolition of Kosovo's autonomy by Milosevic, and above all that the Serbs of the Croatian region of the Krajina declared their separation from Croatia in March 1991, which led to Croatia and Slovenia to declare unilaterally its independence and produce a contagious effect in the rest of the Yugoslav republics. Due to the clash between Serbian nationalism (Slobodan Milošević) and Croatian (Franjo Tuđman) it degenerated into a very violent war. Months later, on January 15, 1992, the European countries of the EC and the international community recognize the independence of Slovenia and Croatia, provoking the end of Yugoslavia, although Serbia and Montenegro will continue using this denomination (without international recognition) until the 2003.