How did circumstance play a role in the differences between art in italian and northern churches?

For the answer to the question above, a city-state is a region that is independently ruled by a major city. Italy wasn't one unified country, but a number of small independent city-states. Some of these cities were run by elected leaders and others by ruling families. Often times these cities fought each other. I hope this helps

Amuslim warrior especially : one victorious in battle against the opponents of islam —often used as a title of honor.

Herodotus taught that absolute right and wrong did exist.