In 1989, pro-democracy demonstrations in china led to
a. democratic reforms.
b. a coup against the government.
c. the destruction of tiananmen square.
d. the deaths of many protestors.

Correct

d. the deaths of many protesters.

In response to student-led protests calling for democratic reforms, the Chinese government cracked down harshly. Martial law was declared and over 200,000 troops were deployed to Bejing. On the evening of June 3, 1989, the army opened fire on the protesters, and forceful efforts by the military to clear Tienanmen Square of protesters continued through June 4.

The death toll for protesters has been much disputed. The official Chinese government estimate said no more than 300 were killed -- and they included soldiers in that number. However, a message from the British ambassador to China, sent at the time of the incidents, estimated the death toll to be at least 10.000. The ambassador's memo, declassified in 2017, described how some protesters were bayoneted as they begged for their lives and how human remains were “hosed down the drains.”

After protests in Tienanmen Square in China were crushed, on the next day (June 5), a lone protester stood in the street against the government's tanks. "Tank Man" (as he became known) captured the international imagination as an individual standing up against the overwhelming power of the government.

the dissolution of the soviet union[a] occurred on december 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the republics of the soviet union. it was a result of the declaration number 142-н of the supreme soviet of the soviet union.[1] the declaration acknowledged the independence of the former soviet republics and created the commonwealth of independent states (cis), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. on the previous day, december 25, soviet president mikhail gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the soviet union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers – including control of the soviet nuclear missile launching codes – to russian president boris yeltsin. that evening at 7: 32 p.m., the soviet flag was lowered from the kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary russian flag.[2]

previously, from august to december, all the individual republics, including russia itself, had either seceded from the union or at the very least denounced the treaty on the creation of the ussr. the week before formal dissolution, 11 republics signed the alma-ata protocol formally establishing the cis and declaring that the ussr had ceased to exist.[3][4] both the revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the ussr also marked the end of the cold war.

several of the former soviet republics have retained close links with the russian federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the commonwealth of independent states, eurasian economic community, the union state, the eurasian customs union, and the eurasian economic union to enhance economic and security cooperation. on the other hand, the baltic states have joined nato and th