In sparta the authority to rule its citizens came from:
the state
god
the citizens themselves
the president

The correct answer is A) the state.

In Sparta, the authority to rule its citizens came from the state.

The Spartans were known to be fierce warriors that training their sons since childhood to become effective soldiers. The Spartans had two kings that governed the city-state and inherited the position. They were the leaders of the army and commanded the troops in battle. Sparta also had a council of elders or wise men called the Georousia. Its main function was to advise the Kings and create laws.

food chain i would say only because there is competition on getting food and survival