History, 30.08.2019 14:00 rivera6681

What are thomas hobes view of human rights?

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Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)

does not as such count as a philosopher of the Enlightenment in the full sense of the term. By him one does not yet find the principle that there are equal, unalienable rights for all men and women. Nevertheless, by reason of his philosophy of the state, he ranks as one of the pioneer thinkers on human rights.

According to Hobbes, every human being has the right to put into practice his talents for the sake of self-preservation and development. Writing in the wake of the English Civil War, Hobbes postulates what life would be like without government, a condition, which he calls the state of nature. In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to do everything in the world. This inevitably leads to conflict, a “war of all against all” (bellum omnium contra omnes).

To escape this state of war, men in the state of nature accede to a social contract. According to Hobbes, society is a population beneath a sovereign authority, to whom all individuals in that society cede their natural rights for the sake of protection. Any abuses of power by this authority are to be accepted as the price of peace. However, he also states that in severe cases of abuse, rebellion is expected. In particular, the doctrine of separation of powers is rejected: the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers. In such a state, the individual subject has no claim on the state as such. However, the sovereign must justify its exercise of power over against individual interests of its citizens. This “new” idea was to play a key role in the philosophers who followed him.

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athenian democracy developed around the fifth century bc in the greek city-state (known as a polis) of athens, comprising the city of athens and the surrounding territory of attica, and is often described as the first known democracy in the world. other greek cities set up democracies, most following the athenian model, but none are as well documented as athens'.

it was a political system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills. participation was not open to all residents: to vote one had to be an adult, male citizen, i.e., not a foreign resident, a submissive or a woman, and the number of these was "probably no more than 30 percent of the total adult population."[1]

the longest-lasting democratic leader was pericles. after his death, athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the peloponnesian war. it was modified somewhat after it was restored under eucleides; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth-century modification rather than the periclean system. democracy was suppressed by the macedonians in 322 bc. the athenian institutions were later revived, but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable. solon (594 bc), cleisthenes (508/7 bc), and ephialtes (462 bc) contributed to the development of athenian democracy. cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth.

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