During the renaissance, many people embraced the concept of
a- absolutism.
b- nationalism.
c- medievalism.
d- humanism.

D. Humanism.

Explanation:

The Renaissance period was marked by a rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman values that placed the human being at the center of all philosophical, scientific and social arguments, whence the name “humanism”. This historical perspective upon the human being determined that no transcendent figures —neither God nor the Church— were the main factors in the construction of society and one´s own place in it, but rather human reason, its limits and its potential.

increasing defense spending.

explanation:

answer: born in saint-dié, in the vosges department, france, he studied law, and was called to the bar at paris in 1854,[2] but soon went into politics, contributing to various newspapers, particularly to le temps. he attacked the second french empire with great violence, directing his opposition especially against baron haussmann, prefect of the seine department. a series of his articles in le temps was later republished as the fantastic tales of haussmannlaxupa (1868).[2]

explanation: