Jim crow laws were a legalized system of

a) discrimination against african americans
or
b) segregation of educational facilities

A) Discrimination against African Americans

Explanation:

The laws of Jim Crow were state and local laws in the United States, promulgated by the white state legislatures, that at the time were dominated by the democrats after the period of Reconstruction between 1876 and 1965. These laws advocated the racial segregation in all public facilities by de jure mandate under the slogan "separate but equal" and applied to African-Americans and other non-white ethnic groups in the aforementioned states of the United States.

pepin the short[a] (german: pippin der kurze, french: pépin le bref, c. 714 – 24 september 768) was the king of the franks from 751 until his death. he was the first of the carolingians to become king.[b][2]

the younger son of the frankish prince charles martel and his wife rotrude, pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of st. denis. succeeding his father as the mayor of the palace in 741, pepin reigned over francia jointly with his elder brother carloman. pepin ruled in neustria, burgundy, and provence, while his brother carloman established himself in austrasia, alemannia and thuringia. the brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the bavarians, aquitanians, saxons, and the alemanni in the early years of their reign. in 743, they ended the frankish interregnum by choosing childeric iii, who was to be the last merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the franks.

the causes of the dust bowls were severe droughts,   lands became dry and hard, temperature was higher than usual, hot and dry conditions killed crops, high winds. because of those factors, the winds kicked up dry soil and created clouds of dust.