Read justice black’s decision in the gideon case.

even the intelligent and educated layman . . requires the guiding hand of counsel at every step in the proceedings against him. without it . . he faces the danger of conviction because he does not know how to establish his innocence.

which of these statements best summarizes black’s argument?
a. educated people should represent themselves in court.
b. all people need an attorney’s in court.
c. lawyers should not be allowed in court.
d. an innocent person does not need a lawyer in court.

B. All people need an attorney's help in court. The Gideon v. Waynwright was a landmark in American justice, being the case where the U.S. Supreme Court declared that everyone should receive legal aid with no costs from a state- appointed laywer; Black's argument that's presented in the question shows his reasoning for deciding about this matter.

1. ford: gerald ford´s presidency, from 1974 to 1977, faced high inflation, named it public enemy nº1, and created the win program (whip inflation now).

2. carter: president from 1977 to 1981, carter had controversial poitions over abortion, but yet, he enforce the roe vs wade decision, which had pro-choice content.

3. reagan. for his eloquency and powerful speeches in his mandates, from 1981 to 1989, reagan earned this nickname, “the great communicator” .

4. george h w bush: despite many presidents had important roles in managing and trying to end the cold war, it was in bush sr's mandate that the berlin wall was materially destroyed, and he was visited by gorbachev in the uspresident from 1989 to 1993.

5. clinton: defense of marriage act. clinton signed this controvesial act, which defined marriage and spouses in strict heterosexual perspective, that was later declard unconstitutional by the us supreme court.

6. george w bush: in the begining of his presidency, which lasted until 2009, bush jr faced the greatest terrorist attacks in us and probably the worlds history, in september, 11 of 2001.

7. obama: in attempts to cease a great economical crisis, barack obama signed the controversial recovery act in february 2009, which handled 780-billion dollars.