What issue led to the formation of the republican party, and what stand did the party take on the issue

the answer is b.2008 and 2012 were presidential election years.

yes

explanation:

the fighting words doctrine, in united states constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the united states constitution. in 1942, the u.s. supreme court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in chaplinsky v. new hampshire.