During the high middle ages in europe, thousands of trees were cleared to make way for

The Great Clearances of trees in northern Europe during this time were mainly to make more arable land available for agriculture. Also, at least in the early 1500's much timber was used in the Erzgebirge Mts of Bohemia for use in the extensive silver mines for mining and smelting the ore.

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful