How did secular rulers challenge papal authority in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

According to documents in wiesner et al., why has access to water been such an important factor in the rise of complex societies? how did ancient societies address the problems associated with harnessing these powerful resources? how have historians assessed and addressed this issue? cite the appropriate documents relevant to the response.

The political cartoon below was drawn by thomas nast in 1871: a political cartoon shows a heavy set man with a long nose and a beard in a suit and vest. he is smoking a cigar and has a menacing expression. he leans against a large box that says, in counting there is strength. on top of that box is a smaller container labeled, the ballot. dialogue under the cartoon reads, thats whats the matter. boss tweed, as long as i count the votes, what are you going to do about it? say? public domain what issue does this cartoon address?

What motivated marcus garvey to form his philosophy