“Americans often preferred not to think about the terrible war in Europe [the First World War]. By 1917, however, US citizens realized that ignoring the war or pretending it had nothing to do with them imperiled their future. “. . . They realized that they had run out of options. Between 1914 and 1917, Americans had variously hoped that their nation could serve as an arbiter (as it had during the Russo-Japanese War, earning Theodore Roosevelt the country’s first Nobel Peace Prize), the leader of a global peace movement, the center of international arbitration, and the advocate of worldwide disarmament. By early 1917, however, the majority had come to two conclusions. First, as Charles Fremont Taylor, the editor of a Philadelphia-based magazine, articulated, ‘no nation can be a hermit in these days of steamships, railroads, telegraphs, ocean cables, wireless, etc.’ They no longer believed, as they had in 1914, that the Atlantic Ocean provided the country with sufficient protection from Europe’s wars. Second, they believed that their leaders had tried every option short of war only to find the country in an even more perilous geopolitical position.”

Michael S. Neiberg, historian, The Path to War: How the First World War Created Modern America, 2016

Using the excerpt, answer (a), (b), and (c).

Briefly describe ONE piece of evidence used in the excerpt to support the argument made in the excerpt.

Briefly explain how ONE piece of evidence not mentioned in the excerpt could be used to support, modify, or refute the argument in the excerpt.

Briefly explain how ONE process discussed in the excerpt compares with the earlier United States decision to participate in the Spanish-American War.

the bar kochba rebellion (132-135) against the roman empire, also known as the second jewish-roman war, was the second major jewish revolt in judea and the last of the great jewish-roman wars.

after the first jewish-roman war of the years 66-73, the roman authorities took measures to crush any new attempt of rebellion in judea. his political situation was modified and instead of a prefect a governor of praetorian rank was appointed, and in the ruins of jerusalem the seat of a complete roman legion, the legio x fretensis was established.

the political and religious direction of the jewish people was left in the hands of the sanhedrin, with initial headquarters in yavne.

the direct causes of the rebellion vary according to the source. the roman historian dio cassius (155-229) attributes the revolt to the decision of hadrian to found in the place of jerusalem a roman city called aelia capitolina (aelia by its own name and capitolina in honor of the roman god jupiter). on the other hand, the jewish sources, while recognizing this resolution as true, assign higher priority to the decrees dictated by hadrian that forbade the brit milah (circumcision), the respect of the sabbath and the laws of purity in the family.

hadrian's intention was to "civilize" and incorporate the jews once and for all into the greco-roman culture. for greek and roman culture, circumcision was an intolerable mutilation.

the jewish tradition tells in the midrash tanjuma a meeting between rabbi akiva and the governor turnus rufus, where he asked for an explanation about the circumcision.

an additional legion, the legio vi ferrata, moved to the province to maintain order, and work began in the year 131 after the governor of judea, turnus rufus performed the founding ceremony of aelia capitolina. a roman coin with the inscription aelia capitolina was struck in the year 132.

the tannaim rabbi akiva, who without being named nasi directed the sanhedrin, convinced the other members to support the imminent rebellion.

the jewish leaders carefully planned the second rebellion to avoid the numerous errors that had been committed in the first one. in the year 132 the rebellion led by bar kochba quickly expanded from modiim throughout the country, defeating the x roman legion based in jerusalem and destroying the xxii roman legion that had come from egypt.

the use of email to replace slower surface mail.

where is the picture

the answer is mass marketing.