How did ideas like the ones expressed in the passages contribute to the spread of Islam in northern Africa between 1200 and 1450 CE? Monarchs decided to ally with the Islamic empire to prevent war.
The Islamic empire established a center of learning in the territories.
The Islamic empire conquered the people of the territory and had them convert to Islam.
The monarchs converted, then used their Islamic knowledge in government matters.

The political cartoon below was drawn by thomas nast in 1871: a political cartoon shows a heavy set man with a long nose and a beard in a suit and vest. he is smoking a cigar and has a menacing expression. he leans against a large box that says, in counting there is strength. on top of that box is a smaller container labeled, the ballot. dialogue under the cartoon reads, thats whats the matter. boss tweed, as long as i count the votes, what are you going to do about it? say? public domain what issue does this cartoon address?