Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of a nation state? A) common language
B) central government
C) loyalty to the church
D) loyalty to the nation state

What served as a unifying force during the middle Ages?
A) the Catholic Church led by the Pope
B) Justinians code
C) the caste system
D) nomadic tribes

With what Germanic tribe did Charlemagnes empire originate?
A) the Saxons
B) the Danes
C) the Franks
D) the Lombards