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It would most likely represent the distance something has gone over time

The line goes across the axle labeled time horizontaly and its at a certain point on the distance axle, meaning it’s the distance something has gone.

b. germany and italy

to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.