Scottish inventor James Watt's improvement on the steamship led to the factory system, early assembly lines, rapidly growing production, as well as applications in transportation and energy production.​

In 911, a group of vikings lead by rollo besieged paris and chartres. after a victory near chartres on 26 august, charles decided to negotiate with rollo. the talks were led by hervé, the archbishop of reims. this resulted in the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte, which granted rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river epte and the sea. it also granted him brittany, "for his livelihood". at the time, brittany was an independent land which france had not been able to conquer. in exchange, rollo promised the king his loyalty and military assistance when needed. also rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry gisela, the king's daughter. the territory given rollo is about the same as upper normandy. this would grow to become normandy under rollo's descendants. - wikepedia

The renaissance was a major turn in history. many new ideas and technological advances came into place. it was a time of new thinking, where many were inspired by enlightenment beliefs. most people were branching out from what the government or the catholic church was saying, and using science to answer questions about the world around them. it was also a time when the arts were booming. artists, musicians, mathematicians, philosophers, and historians were becoming more and more of a respected society. the renaissance was a major turn in history.