1) Explain the historical circumstance that led to what is being described in this excerpt by Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels, (born Nov. 28, 1820, Barmen, Rhine province, Prussia [Germany]—died Aug. 5, 1895, London, Eng.), German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism. They coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx’s death

Explanation:

the answer is d. tariffs were raised by america's trading partners after the smoot-hawley tariff act, decreasing exports, and declining job rates.

the hyksos invasion. the hyksos were able to attack egypt successfully because of their skills in using bronze weapons, composite bows and the use of the horse and chariot during the invasion. although the egyptians depict a barbarian-type overthrow, the truth is the seizure was likely a relatively peaceful one.