Why were pill taxes and literacy(reading) test an effective measure to limit African American right to vote?

What does this map indicate about the crusades? (1 point) the crusades were a direct result of muslim conquest of jerusalem. o much of the holy land had been under muslim control for centuries before the crusades began. the crusades were a direct result of muslim invasion of tours. japan land bordering the mediterranean sea was not a concern for crusaders.

Which of the following people did not run for president in 1848. a. lewis cass. b. zachary taylor. c. martin van buren. d. millard fillmore.

What positive effects did this policy have in their colonies