After Charlemagne's death, medieval political instituation defined led by

Charlemagne, Louis and his advisors had devised a plan, called Imperium Christianum. Louis divided the lands of empire among his 3 sons. All were supposed to work together under the leadership of emperor.

Explanation:

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an expansion is one of two basic business cycle phases; the other is contraction. the transition from expansion to contraction is a peak, and the changeover from contraction to expansion is a trough.

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.