1. How do white ethnics, like Italian Americans and Irish Americans, express their ethnicity in optional ways?

2.
Rosa Parks is remembered for her activism during the Montgomery bus boycott, but other activists and victims of Jim Crow laws have been forgotten. For instance, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat in the same year that Claudette Colvin was arrested for the same crime, found guilty, and placed on probation. However, Claudette became pregnant by an older man shortly after her arrest. Mary Louise Smith was also arrested for the same crime, in the same year, but she was a teenager and her father was an impoverished alcoholic. Neither of these women received the help that Rosa Parks did. What theoretical approach to race presented in Chapter 8 does the best job of explaining the lives of these three African American women? Justify your answer.

3.
What is assimilation? How has it worked in the United States?