What was one advantage and one disadvantage of joint-stock companies?

1. LARGE CAPITAL: The outstanding advantage is that it allows vast mobilization of capital which otherwise is not possible to arrange. In a public company, there is no limit to the number of members. A very large number of people acquire interest in the company by purchasing shares.

1. FRAUDULENT MANAGEMENT: Frauds have been a common feature of many a company. The promoters and directors may indulge in fraudulent practices. The company law has devised various methods to check the fraudulent practices but they have not proved to check them completely.

b.europe i believe because north america has 3 countries in a way and with all the stuff with illegal immagrants from mexico or whatever so i would say europe.