How did Japan change in the second half of the 19th century? - It is expected that you will have a working knowledge of the whole Meiji period into the 20th Century.

monopolies  came to the united states with the colonial administration. the large-scale public works needed to make the new world hospitable to old world immigrants required large companies to carry them out. these companies were granted exclusive contracts for these works by the colonial administrators. even after the american revolution, many of these colonial holdovers still functioned due to the contracts and land

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sense of self-interest

c or d. good luck !