Why did Pope Urban II need an army?

What was a result of the use of farming machines

Which statement in the passage best reflects sumer's opinion of the dred scott decision? a."i speak what cannot be denied." b."[the] judgment was sustained by a falsification of history." b."the opinion was more thoroughly abominable than anything history." i speak what cannot be denied when i declare that the opinion of the chief justice in the case of dred scott was more thoroughly abominable than anything of the kind in the history of courts. judicial baseness reached its lowest point on that occasion. you have not forgotten that terrible decision where a most unrighteous judgment was sustained by a falsification of history. -charles sumner, 1865

Plz , ive been stuck on this forever. what action did president jefferson take to stop britain and france from seizing american merchant ships. a. he declared war on france. b. he called for increased tariffs on british and french goods. c. he called for embargo on all foreign trade. d. he declared war on britain.