What do you think caused the decline of Africa? In your opinion, what is the best way forward for humanity?

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While the rest of the world's economy grew at an annual rate of close to 2 percent from 1960 to 2002, growth performance in Africa has been dismal. From 1974 through the mid-1990s, growth was negative, reaching negative 1.5 percent in 1990-4. As a consequence, hundreds of millions of African citizens have become poor: one half of the African continent lives below the poverty line. In sub-Saharan Africa, per capita GDP is now less than it was in 1974, having declined over 11 percent. In 1970, one in ten poor citizens in the world lived in Africa; by 2000, the number was closer to one in two. That trend translates into 360 million poor Africans in 2000, compared to 140 million in 1975.

In The Economic Tragedy of the XXth Century: Growth in Africa (NBER Working Paper No. 9865), authors Elsa Artadi and Xavier Sala-i-Martin review both the deteriorating economic status of the African continent and the ways in which rich nations, as well as the African nations themselves, might help the poor nations of the continent.

Using the robust econometric determinants of economic growth in a cross-section of countries, the authors pinpoint the most important factors behind the tragedy. The first culprit has been the lack of investment. Over the past 40 years the investment rate in Africa has fallen. Since 1975 the investment rate has declined to 8.5 percent for the whole continent, compared to investment rates for the average-performing OECD economy of between 20 and 25 percent, and for East-Asian economies of 30 percent. Furthermore, most of the investment was skewed in the direction of the inefficient public sector. Recent reforms in Africa have raised the investment rate, but only slightly.Explanation:

the underground railroad (apocope of the metropolitan railroad) is a system of urban trains located within a city and its metropolitan area. it is characterized for being a massive transport of passengers in the big cities, uniting diverse zones and their environs, with high capacity and frequency and in segregated form to other systems of transport. metropolitan railroads are built underground or on the surface, although most systems use mixed models where sections are combined in both modalities.

1 - as a result, the metro tends to reduce car travel for two reasons: first, due to the greater transfer of users from the car and, second, due to the reduction in the acquisition of cars in homes located in sectors near the stations of the metro.

2 -the metro allows to contribute effectively to the achievement of all the objectives of an urban development policy: it improves the efficiency of the city's economy by reducing travel costs and also generates a higher level of activities in the city center, taking advantage of of the agglomeration economies.

3 -it is a clean means of transport, since it uses renewable energy (usually electricity), taking care of the environment and avoiding excessive pollution.

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