QUESTION 4 Patterns of Federalism in U. S. history have included:

a. Supreme Court rulings increasing Federal powers before the Civil War:

b. increased Federal Court civil rights guarantees on behalf of minorities after the Reconstruction era and throughout
the late 19th and early 20th Centuries:

c. limits on Federal government Commerce Clause regulatory powers over the states, since the 1980s:

d. decreased state discretionary powers since the 1980s over federal programs and spending of federal funding,

I believe that this is correct answer

Explanation:

b. increased Federal Court civil rights guarantees on behalf of minorities after the Reconstruction era and throughout

the late 19th and early 20th Centuries:

freedom of speech is also protected by the 1 amendment.

explanation:

here is pretty much what the 1st amendment says:

congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)