44. The failures of indirect rule led to: a. direct rule and an increased brutality towards occupied colonies.
b. the elimination of civil liberties and protections towards occupied people.
c. years of violence, instability, and genocide among rival ethnic groups within
colonized regions.
d. all of the above.

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".

well we know that it was fought between america and the united kingdom based on that i assume people consider the second war of independence because brtiain and england (uk)   the uk is made up of england and i assume thats why it was considered that