Describe the Middle Passage and its effect on the groups involved.

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.

determination

answer:

it caused mass african migration, african populations to grow, african empires to topple, and racism against slaves to emerge.