The Umayyads of Al-Andalus and the Abbasids of Persia competed for dominance through: a. constant violent warfare. b. trying to surpass each other in support of literary and artistic production. c. the constant creation and negotiation of alliances. d. trying to conquer as much territory as possible. e. a cold war, occasionally interrupted by brief proxy wars over disputed territories.

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because their parents smoke while in labor

"this speech"? what speech are you talking about?