What was socialism a reaction against the growing importance of international trade.

the establishment of republics with constitutions.

the inequality between owners and workers.

the replacement of agriculture by industry.

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful