Question 9 is based on the source below: “The advent of printing ought to be featured more prominently by historians of science when they explain the downfall of outdated scientific ideas that occurred during the “Scientific Revolutions” after 1500. For it was printing, and the creation of mass numbers of books, that led directly to empiricism: the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience and experimentation, as well as the refinement of the scientific method of observation, experimentation, and publishing of the results of those experiments. For it was printing that created that all-important text for researchers of all kinds: the secondary source.
The Renaissance scholars made eliminating errors one of their major goals, since the copying work of medieval scribes often involved the perpetuation [spread] of terrible errors from original sources. This drive for error-correction inspired the scientists of the Scientific Revolution to conduct experiments to make sure that knowledge was directly observable and verifiable. These scientists would then publish the results of their experiments in order to correct the scientific record. These published experimental results formed a base of secondary sources that could be used by each next generation of scientists as they made new discoveries and advances in the fields of physics, astronomy, medicine, anatomy, mathematics and geometry, geography and cartography.
Printing increased the faith that scientists could have in written sources, making archival research a trusted and required part of the scientific process. Scientists also began publishing their findings in journals and magazines limited entirely to scientific ideas, created a European society of scientists in constant written conversation with each other.”
Excerpt from The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, Elizabeth Eisenstein, 1983.

9. Which of the following statements best summarizes the cause-and-effect process explained by the passage above?
a. The invention of the scientific method would not have happened in Europe without the printing press.
b. The invention of the printing press led Europeans to reexamine knowledge from the Classical Era.
c. The start of the Scientific Revolution caused the invention of new technologies like the printing press.
d. The invention of the printing press helped spread new intellectual movements like the Scientific Revolution.