What is a deviation in statistics

The claim of papal supremacy held that the pope had authority over all religions on earth. the pope was the chief authority over the papal states. the pope had authority over all kings and emperors. the pope was the head of the western christian church.

What were some effects in world war 1 in europe ? ( and only in europe)

Look at the graph. where p is price and q is quantity, what might cause a move from b to a?