What is the definition for a basic beliefs, rules, or laws

Apoet can make powerful, but subtle statements a) overstatement b) irony c) paradox d) understatement

The california gold rush: actually had only a small impact on california’s population because its rich farmlands already attracted thousands of new settlers each year. attracted almost equal numbers of men and women. resulted in laws that discriminated against “foreign miners.” made considerable wealth for average miners because gold mining demanded no real investment of capital. hurt the development of san francisco because gold discoveries shifted interest to areas outside of town.

What is one way that the congress of vienna changed the map of europe?