Which developments were characteristic of the industrial revolution and the events leading up to it, in nations where it took hold?

The course of the industrial revolution in many countries had many common features. As a rule, it was preceded by a significant population growth; often it was accompanied by an influx of money into the agricultural sector of the economy and its radical restructuring; the problem of finding capital and energy sources was somehow solved. Everywhere the development of industry was accompanied by the construction of new routes of communication, including railways. A characteristic feature of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of productive forces on the basis of large-scale machine industry and the establishment of capitalism as the dominant world economic system.

The first industrial revolution, which began at the beginning of the nineteenth century with the invention of weaving machines, led to the replacement of human hands with machines in almost all areas of production and caused a tremendous increase in labor productivity. Since the first industrial revolution, the term ‘technology’ has been inextricably linked with the mechanization of production processes.

Technological progress and new inventions have increased the productivity of the most important areas of industrial and agricultural activity, due to which industrialization was carried out. All these processes have undoubtedly changed the social, political, and cultural sphere of society. In particular, people from rural areas or even from other provinces went to cities where industrial enterprises were located.

In addition, measures were taken to comply with patent rights. Social protests forced politicians to support the development of social programs for the poor, state regulation of relations between wage workers and business.

Seen from today, the effects of the industrial revolution are hard to overestimate. In fact, the entire modern technological civilization grew namely from it; its values and principles spread from Great Britain first to Europe and North America, and then gradually ‘conquered’ the whole world. Agrarian civilization became a thing of the past; industrial civilization has replaced it.

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