The equal protection clause of the reads: "no state shall … deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

The answer is the Fourteenth Amendment.
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The transcontinental railroad provided a means of fast transportation. it cut a 6 month trip into 6 days, created jobs for many people and encouraged immigration. the homestead act played a huge role in western expansion; it allowed settlers to begin a fresh start, and gave them land in exchange for their residence for up to five years and a small fee.