Despite great hardships, african americans created a strong sense of culture through which of the following? befriending landowners families joining with indentured servants trading crops with native americans making strong family and kinship groups

Your D.) Making strong family and kinship groups.

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answer:

it caused mass african migration, african populations to grow, african empires to topple, and racism against slaves to emerge.

the crusaders are identified in the painting;

c. by the red crosses on their backs