The president pro tempore of the senate is

the most senior senator in the Senate.

Explanation:

The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States, who exercises a number of administrative and ceremonial duties. He or she presides over the business sessions of the Senate and votes in cases of a tie vote. When he or she is not present, the President Pro Tempore presides. This officer is usually the most senior Senator from the majority party, who is elected by the Senate.

the catholic church withhold people's access to the bible during the middle ages.

people could go to church and listen to the teachings, but it was absolutely forbidden to own and/or read the books of both the old and new testaments. it was also prohibited to translate the books (which where originally in biblical hebrew) to any other language.

this was done so the church could remain in control of what their teachings were and to enhance their importance and power, while also being able to judge people's actions through information that was unavailable for the general public.