Which of the follwoing were not direct causes of world war 1

So, to find out what IS a cause of the war we need to know M.A.I.N. That means Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. That would mean the choices that aren't caused are totalitarianism, defense, and industrialism.

The first one is russia because in russia they were on the rough times and they never had a way to get out of

This answer would be c