Nationalism encouraged people with a shared identity to a) declare war on all those who did not share their beliefs. b) separate themselves from those who were unlike them. c) be open to other people’s traditions, ideas, and beliefs. d) convince other people to share their common bonds.

- "the past is made of multitudinous items ranging from anything that can be collected, recollected or assessed to originate in the past. as such, the past is a gallimaufry of particulars that may not have been related in any way. however, the human mind seeks organization to understand concepts and other things. the human mind therefore seeks relationships in explaining and studying the past. history being a humanity, dictates that historians have to serve this human trait by bringing structure to details of the past. historians do this by creating interpretive frameworks that capture as many details as possible."

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1.a)britain

2.b)spain

3.c)french

4.d)portugal

explanation: