The problem of raising money to settle the new world led english merchant-capitalists to create the institution of

The problem of raising money to settle the New World led English merchant-capitalists to create the institution of the "joint stock company," since this allowed investors to share in the risks and rewards. 

The question of what caused the full effects of the radical stage, also called the second french revolution by some historians, which shook the political and social reforms in france have caught the attention of many scholars, particularly because of principles implemented during this stage which is contradictory to the fundamental principle of the french revolution itself, by using dictatorship to create equality.