What can the jewish ten commandments tell us about early jewish societies economically, lawfully, and in social relationships?

In a law sense, the ten commandments bear many similarities to our own. Do not murder, do not steal. However, the law also concerned itself in more personal matters, such as adultery and lying.

Economically, it established a universal rest day, where all people do nothing except worship God and preserve the day.

In social matters, the commandments establish the rules. The parents have authority over their children, and God is the ultimate authority.
Furthermore, you are to respect your neighbour and not desire his things.

All in all, this paints Israel a nation that enforces laws similar to our own in matters of law. Economically, it was like the rural US until the 20th century. Socially, it is similar, with the parents having a sense of control.