Citizens in the italian city-states felt more loyal to their doge than to their country . their own governments than they did to the country of italy. religious leader than to their city-state. their local politicians than the pope.

Their own governments than they did to the country of Italy.

Explanation:

They were more proud of being from Athens or Rome, than of being Italians, and that was a problem because it rose up tensions between the different regions of the country.

the correct answer is "c: merchants" and "e. soldiers".

the song dynasty was known as the first government in the world to introduce paper currency. it was also the first chinese government which established a permanent standing navy. finally, the first compass was introduced during this period of government.

all of these innovations heavily affected commerce in a positive way. printed money dynamize commerce within the borders of the empire due to an easier way to quantify value during the trade. the introduction of the compass trade routes to be faster. finally, the introduction of a standing navy regulate trade routes.

regarding military affairs, gunpowder was created during this period. this was a tremendous improvement that was widely utilized by the military in order to innovate in the manufacturing of weapons.

the answer is c, all the other options are things they are known for.

hope this ☺️