Shah abbas revitalized the safavid regime by all of the following means except
a. forging alliances with the ottomans against europeans
b. expelling the portuguese from hormuz
c. increasing the use of gunpowder weapons
d. promoting trade to other lands

1. what was the result of growing nationalism and pan-africanism on european-african relations? africans were encouraged to seek independence from europe. european colonialism grew and strengthened in africa. the change of power from european to african rule went smoothly. africans believed they could live peacefully with europeans.